Последствия реализации международных спортивных событий для экономики: зарубежный опыт
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22394/1726-1139-2019-9-43-54Ключевые слова:
инвестиции, mega-event, regional development, long-term economic growth, infrastructure, tourism, corruption, investmentАннотация
В академическом и экспертном сообществах до сих пор открытым остается вопрос, насколько спортивные мегасобытия способствуют росту экономики принимающей страны. Подготовка к ним требует колоссальных затрат на строительство и модернизацию инфраструктуры, расширение торговли и развитие туризма. В теории это может показаться благодатной почвой для экономического роста и высоких инвестиционных показателей. Однако на практике крупные спортивные события, как правило, приводят к перерасходу бюджета и огромному росту долга страны; инвестиционные стратегии редко бывают успешными, а финансовые ожидания от таких мероприятий оказываются завышенными. Настоящая статья посвящена сравнительному анализу зарубежного и российского опыта реализации спортивных мегасобытий и позволяет систематизировать эффекты от таких событий для социально-экономического развития страны.Скачивания
Библиографические ссылки
Agamben G. State of exception. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2005.
Alegi P. «A nation to be reckoned with»: The politics of world cup stadium construction in Cape Town and Durban, South Africa // African Studies. 2008. 67. P. 397-422.
Allen J., Cochrane A. The urban unbound: London's politics and the 2012 Olympic Games // International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. 2014. 38. P. 1609-1624.
Alm J., Solberg H. A., Storm R. K., and Jakobsen T. G. Hosting major sports events: The challenge of taming white elephants // Leisure Studies. 2014. 35. P. 564-582.
Almeida B. S. de, Bolsmann C. Junior, Wanderley M., Souza J. de. Rationales, rhetoric and realities: FIFA's World Cup in South Africa 2010 and Brazil 2014 // International Review for the Sociology of Sport. 2013. 50 (3). P. 265-282.
Alves dos Santos Junior O., Gaffney C., de Queiroz Ribeiro L. C. (Eds.). Brasil: os Impactos da copa do mundo 2014 e das Olimpiadas 2016. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Letra Capital Editora, 2015.
Andranovich G., Burbank M. J. Contextualizing Olympic legacies // Urban Geography. 2011. 32(6). P. 823-844.
Black D. The symbolic politics of sport mega-events: 2010 in comparative perspective // Politikon. 2007. 34. P. 261-276.
Borowski J., Boratyn'ski J., Czerniak A. et al. Assessing the impact of the 2012 European Football Championships on the Polish economy // International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing. 2013. 13 (1/2). P. 74-103.
Burbank M., Andranovich G., Heying C. H. Olympic dreams: The impact of mega-events on local politics. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2001.
Clark R. London's real Olympic legacy: Paying to build the stadium twice // The Spectator. 2014. November 22. URL: https://www.spectator.co.uk/2014/11/londonsrealolympic-legacy-paying-to-build-the-stadium-twice/ (date of access: 26/11/2018).
Coaffee J. The uneven geographies of the Olympic carceral: From exceptionalism to normalization // The Geographical Journal. 2015. 181. P. 199-211.
Comite Popular. Olimpiada Rio 2016: os jogos da exclusao.. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Comite Popular da Copa e Olimpiadas do Rio de Janeiro, 2015.
Cook I. R., Ward K. Trans-urban networks of learning, mega events and policy tourism: The case of Manchester's Commonwealth and Olympic Games projects // Urban Studies. 2015. 48. P. 2519-2535.
Cornelissen S. The geopolitics of global aspiration: Sport mega-events and emerging powers // The International Journal of the History of Sport. 2010. 27 (16-18). P. 3008-3025.
Flyvbjerg B., Stewart A. Olympic proportions: Cost and cost overrun at the Olympics 1960-2012 // Said Business School Working Paper. 2012. URL: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=223805 (date of access: 26/11/2018)..
Freeman J. Neoliberal accumulation strategies and the visible hand of police pacification in Rio de Janeiro // Revista de Estudos Universitarios 2012. 38. P. 95-126.
Gaffney C. Mega-events and socio-spatial dynamics in Rio de Janeiro, 1919-2016 // Journal of Latin American Geography. 2010. 9 (1). P. 7-29.
Gaffney C. The urban impacts of the 2014 World Cup in Brazil. In R. Gruneau
Gold J. R., Gold M. M. (eds.). Olympic cities: City agendas, planning, and the world's games, 1896-2020 (3rd ed.). London, England: Routledge, 2016.
Golubchikov O., Badyina A., Makhrova A. The hybrid spatialities of transition: Capitalism, legacy and uneven urban economic restructuring // Urban Studies. 2014. 51. P. 617-633.
Haferburg C. South Africa under FIFA's reign: The World Cup's contribution to urban development // Development Southern Africa. 2011. 28. P. 333-348.
Harvey D. From managerialism to entrepreneurialism: The transformation of urban governance in late capitalism // Geografiska Annaler B. 1989. 71 (1). P. 3-17.
Hiller H. The urban transformation of a landmark event: The 1988 Calgary Winter Olympics // Urban Affairs Quarterly. 1990. 26. P. 118-137.
International Olympic Committee (IOC). Olympic legacy. Lausanne, Switzerland: Author, 2012.
James M., Osborn G. London 2012 and the impact of the UK's Olympic and paraolympic legislation: Protecting commerce or preserving culture? // The Modern Law Review. 2011. 74. P. 410-429.
Jennings W. Olympic risks. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.
Jones J. Legal tremors in the lead-up to Vancouver's 2010 winter Olympic Games // 2010. February 26. URL: http://www.vcn.bc.ca/~jjones/legaltremors.html (date of access: 26/11/2018).
Kassens-Noor E. Planning Olympic legacies: Transport dreams and urban realities. London, England: Routledge, 2012.
Kassens-Noor E. Transport legacy of the Olympic Games, 1992-2012 // Journal of Urban Affairs. 2013. 35 (4). P. 393-416.
Kinossian N. ‘Urban entrepreneurialism' in the post-socialist city: Government-led urban development projects in Kazan, Russia // International Planning Studies. 2012. 17 (4). P. 333-352.
Lauermann J., Davidson M. Negotiating particularity in neoliberalism studies: Tracing development strategies across neoliberal urban governance projects // Antipode. 2013. 45. P. 1277-1297.
Maharaj B. 2010 FIFA World CupTM: (South) «Africa's time has come»? // South African Geographical Journal. 2011. 93. P. 49-62.
Maharaj B. The turn of the south? Social and economic impacts of mega-events in India, Brazil and South Africa // Local Economy. 2015. 30. P. 983-999.
Makarychev A., Yatsyk A. Brands, cities and (post-) politics: A comparative analysis of urban strategies for the Universiade 2013 and the World Football Cup 2018 in Russia // European Urban and Regional Studies. 2014. 22. P. 143-160.
McCallum K., Spencer A., Wyly E. The city as an image-creation machine: A critical analysis of Vancouver's Olympic bid // Yearbook of the Association of Pacific Coast Geographers. 2005. 67. P. 24-46.
Muller M. State dirigisme in megaprojects: Governing the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi // Environment and Planning A. 2011. 43. P. 2091-2108.
Muller M. After Sochi 2014: Costs and impacts of Russia's Olympic Games // Eurasian Geography and Economics. 2014. 55. P. 628-655.
Muller M. (Im-)Mobile policies: Why sustainability went wrong in the 2014 Olympics in Sochi // European Urban and Regional Studies. 2015. 22. P. 191-209.
Newman P. «Back the bid»: The 2012 summer Olympics and the governance of London // Journal of Urban Affairs. 2007. 29. P. 255-267.
Persson E., Petersson B. Political mythmaking and the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi: Olympism and the Russian great power myth // East European Politics. 2014. 30 (2). P. 192-209.
Poynter G. The 2012 Olympic Games and the reshaping of East London. In R. Imrie, L. Lees, M. Raco (eds.), Regenerating London. Governance, sustainability and community in a global city (p. 132-150). London, England: Routledge, 2009.
Poynter G., MacRury I. (eds.). Olympic cities: 2012 and the remaking of London. London: Ashgate, 2009.
Preuss H. Calculating the regional economic impact of the Olympic Games // European Sport Management Quarterly. 2004. 4 (4). P. 234-253.
Raco M., Tunney E. Visibilities and invisibilities in urban development: Small business communities and the London Olympics 2012 // Urban Studies. 2010. 47. P. 2069-2091.
Raco M. Delivering flagship projects in an era of regulatory capitalism: State-led privatization and the London Olympics 2012 // International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. 2014. 38. P. 176-197.
Scherer J. Olympic villages and large-scale urban development: Crises of capitalism, deficits of democracy? // Sociology. 2011. 45. P. 782-797.
Siemiatycki M. Implications of private-public partnerships on the development of urban public transit infrastructure the case of Vancouver, Canada // Journal of Planning Education and Research. 2006. 26. P. 137-151.
Silver J J., Meletis Z. A., Vadi P. Complex context: Aboriginal participation in hosting the Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games // Leisure Studies. 2012. 31. P. 291-308.
Smith A. «De-risking» East London: Olympic regeneration planning 2000-2012 // European Planning Studies. 2014. 22. P. 1919-1939.
Steinbrink M., Haferburg C., Ley A. Festivalisation and urban renewal in the global South: Socio-spatial consequences of the 2010 FIFA World Cup // South African Geographical Journal. 2011. 93. P. 15-28.
Taal M. Their cup runneth over: Construction companies and the 2010 World Cup. In E. Cottle (Ed.). South Africa's World Cup: A legacy for whom? (p. 73-100). Scottsville, South Africa: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press, 2011.
Tang K. The World Cup: Changing country's laws, one tournament at a time // Berkeley Journal of International Law Blog. 2013. October 26. URL: http://berkeleytravaux.com/world-cup-changing-countrys-laws-one-tournament-time (date of access: 26/11/2018).
Tomlinson R. Whose accolades? An alternative perspective on motivations for hosting the Olympics // Urban Forum. 2010. 21 (2). P. 139-152.
Van Wynsberghe R., Surborg B., Wyly E. When the games come to town: Neoliberalism, megaevents and social inclusion in the Vancouver 2010 winter Olympic games // International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. 2013. 37. P. 2074-2093.
Watt P. «It's not for us»: Regeneration, the 2012 Olympics and the gentrification of East London // City. 2013. 17. P. 99-118.
Wurster S. Homes for games: A filmic interpretation of Sochi 2014 and resettlement in Imeretinskaya Bay // European Urban and Regional Studies. 2015. 22. P. 210-217.
Zimbalist A. Circus maximus: The economic gamble behind hosting the Olympics and the World Cup. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2015.
Zirin D. How the Rio Olympics could cement a Brazilian coup // The Nation. 2016. March 21. URL: https://www.thenation.com/article/how-the-rio-olympics-couldcementa-brazilian-coup/ (date of access: 26/11/2018).