Авторитарные выборы: состояние литературы и исследовательские проблемы
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22394/1726-1139-2022-3-41-57Ключевые слова:
авторитаризм, выборы, политический институт, политический режимАннотация
В статье дается обзор актуальных исследований, посвященных выборам в условиях авторитарных политических режимов. С этой целью отобран ряд значимых работ по указанной проблематике, опубликованных в рецензируемых академических журналах с высоким импакт-фактором. Оценка значимости работ произведена прежде всего на основе показателей их цитируемости по данным Scopus и Google Scholar. Констатируется, что несмотря на быстрый рост количества работ по авторитарным выборам в течение двух последних десятилетий, до построения целостной теории в этой области пока еще далеко. Основное внимание в обзоре уделено вопросу о том, как выборы влияют на выживание авторитарных режимов. По этому поводу в литературе представлены противоречивые позиции. С одной стороны, выборы рассматриваются как инструменты стабилизации авторитарного правления, с другой стороны - как источники нестабильности, и с третьей - как рычаги демократизации.Скачивания
Библиографические ссылки
Медведев Ю. С. Зачем автократам выборы? Политическая наука о роли выборов при авторитаризме // Сравнительная политика. 2020. Т. 11. № 4. С. 189-200.
Медведев Ю. С. Концепция конкурентного авторитаризма и ее критика в научной литературе // Полития: Анализ. Хроника. Прогноз (Журнал политической философии и социологии политики). 2021. № 1 (100). С. 154-169.
Baev P.K. A matrix for post-Soviet "color revolutions": exorcising the devil from the details // International Area Studies Review. 2011. V. 14. N. 2. P. 3-22.
Barbera P. When Duverger Becomes Autocratic: Electoral Systems and Opposition Fragmentation in Non-Democratic Regimes. Working Paper, 2013. URL: http://pablobarbera.com/static/duverger-becomes-autocratic.pdf (date of the address: 03.11.2021).
Beaulieu E. Electoral Protest and Democracy in the Developing World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
Boix C., Svolik M. W. The Foundations of Limited Authoritarian Government: Institutions, Commitment, and Power-Sharing in Dictatorships // Journal of Politics. 2013. V. 75. N. 2. P. 300-316.
Brancati D. Democratic Authoritarianism: Origins and Effects // Annual Review of Political Science. 2014. V. 17. P. 313-326.
Brownlee J. Authoritarianism in an Age of Democratization. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
Brownlee J. Portents of Pluralism: How Hybrid Regimes Affect Democratic Transition // American Journal of Political Science. 2009. V. 53. N. 3. P. 515-532.
Bueno de Mesquita B. et al. The Logic of Political Survival. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2003.
Bunce V. J., Wolchik S. L. Defeating Dictators: Electoral Change and Stability in Competitive Authoritarian Regimes // World Politics. 2010. V. 62. N. 1. P. 43-86.
Carnegie P. J. The Road from Authoritarianism to Democratization in Indonesia. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.
Carothers Т. End of the Transition Paradigm // Journal of Democracy. 2002. V. 13. N. 1. P. 5-21.
Cederman L.-E., Gleditsch K. S., Hug S. Elections and Ethnic Civil War // Comparative Political Studies. 2013. V. 46. N. 3. P. 387-417.
Chang E. C. C., Higashijima М. The choice of electoral systems in electoral autocracies // Government and Opposition. 2021.
Cox G. W. Making Votes Count. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
Dahl R. Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1971.
Diamond L. Thinking about Hybrid Regimes // Journal of Democracy. 2002. V. 13. N. 2. P. 21-35.
Donno D. Elections and Democratization in Authoritarian Regimes // American Journal of Political Science. 2013. V. 57. N. 3. P. 703-716.
Duverger M. Political Parties: Their Organizations and Activity in the Modern State. London: Methuen and Co. Ltd, 1964.
Frantz E. Voter turnout and opposition performance in competitive authoritarian elections // Electoral Studies. 2018. V. 54. P. 218-225.
Fukuyama F. The End of History and the Last Man. New York: The Free Press, 1992.
Gandhi J. Elections and Political Regimes // Government and Opposition. 2015. V. 50. N. 3. P. 446-468.
Gandhi J., Lust-Okar E. Elections under Authoritarianism // Annual Review of Political Science. 2009. V. 12. P. 403-422.
Gandhi J., Przeworski A. Authoritarian Institutions and the Survival of Autocrats // Comparative Political Studies. 2007. V. 40. N. 11. P. 1279-1301.
Geddes B. What do we know about democratization after twenty years? // Annual review of political science. 1999. V. 2. N. 1. P. 115-144.
Gerschewski J. The three Pillars of Stability: Legitimation, Repression, and Co-optation in Autocratic Regimes // Democratization. 2013. V. 20. N. 1. P. 13-38.
Glasius M. What Authoritarianism Is … And Is Not: A Practice Perspective // International Affairs. 2018. V. 94. N. 3. P. 515-533.
Golosov G. V. Why and How Electoral Systems Matter in Autocracies // Australian Journal of Political Science. 2016. V. 51. N. 3. P. 367-385.
Greene K. F. The Political Economy of Authoritarian Single-Party Dominance // Comparative Political Studies. 2010. V. 43. N. 7. P. 807-834.
Hadenius A., Teorell J. Pathways from Authoritarianism // Journal of Democracy. 2007. V. 18. N. 1. P. 143-157.
Hafner-Burton E. M., Hyde S. D., Jablonski R.S. When Do Governments Resort to Election Violence? // British Journal of Political Science. 2014. V. 44. N. 1. P. 149-179.
Howard M., Roessler P. Liberalizing Electoral Outcomes in Competitive Authoritarian Regimes // American Journal of Political Science. 2006. V. 50. N. 2. P. 365-381.
Huntington S. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991.
Jensen N. M., Malesky E., Weymouth S. Unbundling the relationship between authoritarian legislatures and political risk // British Journal of Political Science. 2014. V. 44. N. 3. P. 655-684.
Kaminski M. M. Do parties benefit from electoral manipulation? Electoral laws and heresthetics in Poland, 1989-93 // Journal of Theoretical Politics. 2002. V. 14. N. 3. P. 325-358.
Knutsen C. H., Nygård H. M., Wig T. Autocratic elections: Stabilizing tool or force for change? // World Politics. 2017. V. 69. N. 1. P. 98-143.
Lehoucq F. Electoral fraud: Causes, types, and consequences // Annual Review of Political Science. 2003. V. 6. N. 1. P. 233-256.
Levitsky S., Way L. Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes After the Cold War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
Levitsky S., Way L. The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism // Journal of Democracy. 2002. V. 13. N. 2. P. 51-65.
Lindberg S. et al. (Ed.). Democratization by elections: A new mode of transition. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009.
Lindberg S. Democracy and Elections in Africa. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press, 2006.
Linz J.J. Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes. Boulder; London: Lynne Riener Publisher, 2000.
Little A. T., Tucker J. A., LaGatta T. Elections, protest, and alternation of power // The Journal of Politics. 2015. V. 77. N. 4. P. 1142-1156.
Lust-Okar E. Structuring Conflict in the Arab World: Incumbents, Opponents, and Institutions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Magaloni B. Credible Power-Sharing and the Longevity of Authoritarian Rule // Comparative Political Studies. 2008. V. 41. N. 4-5. P. 715-741.
Magaloni B. The Game of Electoral Fraud and the Ousting of Authoritarian Rule // American Journal of Political Science. 2010. V. 54. N. 3. P. 751-765.
Magaloni B. Voting for Autocracy: Hegemonic Party Survival and Its Demise in Mexico. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
Magaloni B., Wallace J. Citizen Loyalty, Mass Protest and Authoritarian Survival. Paper prepared for the conference on Dictatorships: Their Governance and Social Consequences, Princeton University, April 25-26, 2008.
McCoy J., Hartlyn J. The relative powerlessness of elections in Latin America // S. Lindberg et al. (Ed.). Democratization by elections: A new mode of transition. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009.
Miller M.K. Democratic pieces: Autocratic elections and democratic development since 1815 // British Journal of Political Science. 2015. V. 45. N. 3. P. 501-530.
Morgenbesser L., Pepinsky T. States, neopatrimonialism, and elections: Democratization in Southeast Asia. Griffith: Griffith University, 2016.
Norris P. Why Electoral Integrity Matters. N.Y.: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
North D. Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
Pepinsky T. The Institutional Turn in Comparative Authoritarianism // British Journal of Political Science. 2014. V. 44. N. 3. P. 631-653.
Pop-Eleches G., Robertson G.B. Information, elections, and political change // Comparative Politics. 2015. V. 47. N. 4. P. 459-495.
Riedl R.B. et al. Authoritarian-led democratization // Annual Review of Political Science. 2020. V. 23. P. 315-332.
Riker W. H. Implications from the Disequilibrium of Majority Rule for the Study of Institutions // American Political Science Review. 1980. V. 74. N. 2. P. 432-446.
Sartori G. Political Development and Political Engineering / In J. Montgomery and A. Hirschman (Eds.). Public Policy, V. 17, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968.
Schedler A. The Logic of Electoral Authoritarianism / In Electoral Authoritarianism: The Dynamics of Unfree Competition, edited by A. Schedler. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2006.
Schedler A. The Menu of Manipulation // Journal of Democracy. 2002. V. 13. N. 2. P. 36-50.
Schedler A. The nested game of democratization by elections // International Political Science Review. 2002. V. 23. N. 1. P. 103-122.
Schedler A. The politics of uncertainty: Sustaining and subverting electoral authoritarianism. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2013.
Schmitter Ph., Karl T. L. What Democracy Is … And Is Not // Journal of Democracy. 1991. V. 2. N. 3. P. 75-88.
Schuler P. J., Gueorguiev D. D., Cantu F. Risk and reward: The differential impact of authoritarian elections on regime decay and breakdown // Available at SSRN 1718056. - 2013.
Schumpeter J. Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy. London: Routledge, 2010.
Seeberg M.B. State Capacity and the Paradox of Authoritarian Elections // Democratization. 2014. V. 21. N. 7. P. 1265-1285.
Simpser A. Why Governments and Parties Manipulate Elections: Theory, Practice, and Implications. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
Smith B. Life of the party: The origins of regime breakdown and persistence under singleparty rule // World Politics. 2005. V. 57. N. 3. P. 421-451.
Stockmann D., Gallagher M. E. Remote Control: How the Media Sustain Authoritarian Rule in China // Comparative Political Studies. 2011. V. 44. N. 4. P. 436-467.
Svolik M. W. The Politics of Authoritarian Rule. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
Taagepera R., Shugart M. Seats and Votes: The Effects and Determinants of Electoral Systems. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989.
Teorell J. Determinants of Democratization: Explaining Regime Change in the World, 1972-2006. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
Tucker J. A. Enough! Electoral Fraud, Collective Action Problems, and Post-Communist Colored Revolutions // Perspectives on Politics. 2007. V. 5. N. 3. P. 535-551.
Tullock G. Autocracy. Dordrechl: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1987.
Way L. Authoritarian State Building and the Sources of Regime Competitiveness in the Fourth Wave: The Cases of Belarus, Moldova, Russia, and Ukraine // World Politics. 2005. V. 57. N. 2. P. 231-261.
Wintrobe R. The Political Economy of Dictatorship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Wong J., Friedman E. (Ed.). Political transitions in dominant party systems: Learning to lose. London: Routledge, 2008.
Wright J., Escribà-Folch A. Authoritarian Institutions and Regime Survival: Transitions to Democracy and Subsequent Autocracy // British Journal of Political Science. 2012. V. 42. N. 2. P. 283-309.
